Mainstreaming of Tribes versus Environment:

It’s interesting to see how views differ in different sectors. My friends from the corporate sector feel that tribes should be urbanised. They should also get what we have. While people in the social sector feel that they should live their traditional way of life protected by various government laws and schemes (required as people from the cities can do anything to take their land and life away) and still get all modern facilities.

There are more than 600 scheduled tribes in India. Mind you, not all of them are under-clothed, overly tattooed forest dwelling people as many tend to think when one says ‘tribes’. There are many tribes who now live very close to urban areas and have adapted to urban culture well. Those tribes who live in remote areas and have distinctive features, attire and lifestyle are called Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.

My views on mainstreaming of tribes are conflicting and on the opposite ends of a spectrum. To my corporate friends I end up saying, let them be. While to the NGOs, I say get them out of the forest, let the animals be.

Let me try and explain.

Korkus of Melghat:

 I went to a village which lives in the buffer zone of the Melghat Tiger Reserve. They farm for livelihood and sometimes go out of the village looking for labour work. Due to the work of an NGO there, they have got land rights, diesel engines for water pump, relatively better roads, school, market linkage etc. Many have motorcycles. The younger lot wants a stake in the common forest land so that they can use it for grazing of animals and sell forest produce. They said ‘give us the forest land and we will conserve it’ while the older lot lamented the thinning of forest around. A group had once gone to Nagpur and found the concept of toilets in a building ridiculous. I felt a pang when I left the village – I would also never like to live in any place if I were living in a forest. But looking down from the turn at the top of a hill, the village appeared like a big gash in the green all around and with population increasing the gash will continue to grow.

Baigas of Chhattisgarh:  

They live in remote regions, in forests which have so far been untouched by modern humans. They don’t have much idea about government schemes, earning money for future, education etc. Their needs are limited – a good (liveable) house, medical facilities and some source of livelihood and food security. Since the state government was unable to reach out to all of them, they asked the Baigas to come down or out of their forests so that they could avail of government schemes. But like most governments, promises have not been fulfilled leaving the tribe with nothing. On the other hand, mining companies are throwing them out by giving them a lakh of rupees as compensation which they have no idea what to do with.

Kutia Kondhs of Orissa:

I have not gone to any village of this tribe but I know these tribes and many similar ones are closest to the forests they live in. They still practice ancient forms of living like hunting and gathering of food and they worship nature. They see wealth in the form of trees around them and not money as we know it. To the best of my knowledge, they don’t need us or any government schemes.

To the first, I will say get them out of the forest. They are modern people with modern demands and have cell phones and TV. With the way human greed works, they will soon forget their roots – that is the forest. The younger lot thinks about earning money first and then conservation.

To the second, I will say give them what they want because their needs are less. Give them a home near their forest and let them use it for livelihood. Provide them with health facilities, food they are used to (kodu-kutki and not polished rice) and education that they can use (like natural resource management etc). They are not yet ready for the transition....so let them be.

To the third, I can only hope and pray that the forest cover remains as much and not cut down by people or mowed down by mining companies, so that they can live life their way – in touch with nature. (Story of a Sacred Mountain)

To both sides I would say, we should know where the limits are and learn to draw the line there.

How fundamental are our duties:

Here’s a situation.

Meena and her husband, along with their 3 daughters and 1 son travel all the way from a village in UP to Mumbai in search of a job. They come to Mumbai where even a kholi in a slum is expensive. So they go to the slums of Malvani near Malad and negotiate for a place. The land all around on which the slum is built is illegal, grabbed by some muscle-man and then sold to these hapless migrants for as much as Rs. 3 lakhs. The worst areas in the slum are given at a rate of Rs. 90000/- for a 10ft by 12ft plot. The kholis are built with bamboo and tin sheets so that if razed by police, they can be rebuilt. Needless to say, there is no drinking water, sanitation, education etc.

In comes an NGO who works with the urban poor and moved by their plight decides to fight for their basic rights. So they are told about their rights, taught some slogans (zindabad being the most used), rallies and meetings held etc. With the success that most families get ration card, identity proof, ICDS (Integrated Child Development Service) in schools, and perhaps water too (thus beginning the process of institutionalising an illegal slum...which anyway is a different story)

Then a few foreign delegates come to see the NGO’s work and ‘poverty’ in the cities. There’s an interactive session, where these slum members asks the delegates about the benefits they get from their government. Post which a leader from the slum community rises and matter of factly declares “Your government gives you so much. Our government is bad.” All NGO people proudly clap...their job is done.

Nothing wrong, you might say but this kind of situation always gets my goat. I end up fuming. NGOs and government works in the same space. Yet what I have never understood is why the flow of information is only one way. Yes, I know that our government is corrupt, inept, inefficient and now suppressive. But some of our laws (whatever little I understand of them) are great. So if at one hand you want to avail of all these rights and laws, don’t you in return need to give some things back to the government?  Most NGOs fail to tell people what their basic duties are and should be.

So, after getting water in the slums, taps are left open. Garbage is thrown everywhere except the dustbins, people will have 5 children when the government asks you to have 2. Even an NGO working for pure conservation fails to tell villagers the harms of using too many plastics.

Who then will show them the whole picture? Of rights and duties, of give and take, of use and misuse. That the governments of other countries can provide for them because people in turn also help the government achieve the goals.

If you give the people a full picture, then they will be able to take an educated decision. And that’s what will lead to real progress.        

Modern culture’s Superiority complex:

Let’s face it. Given a choice, don’t we all want to just relax, eat, drink, be with nature, live in a society which doesn’t have gender related issues and work only when we have to? Most of us will spend an entire lifetime working hard, following ambitions or fighting for rights so that in the end we individually get to that utopian state. 

Yet, when we see a tribal specially the PTGs (Primitive Tribal groups and now Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups) we automatically think of them as backward and in need of help. Why? Because they like to keep to themselves, wear little or no clothes at all, drink a lot, don’t own money as we know it, their idea of wealth is a few more trees than the next guy and they like to live life at their own pace. And in our well meaning but misplaced intentions, we rush to help them get their rights and make them live the ‘real’ life – in the modern world.

If we can ever stop rushing about and forming quick judgements, we will be able to see that their attitude, culture and lifestyle are far more superior to ours. They have a few things in place which we as ‘modern’ society have been striving for years to achieve. Firstly, their closeness to nature (many city friends might not agree though I think it’s very important). Secondly, their comfort with their body and sexual freedom. In many tribes women wear saris which are folded till knee length and no blouses and take bath in the open. Pre-marital sex is allowed in most tribes. In some tribes a woman chooses a husband by sleeping with him first. If she’s not happy with him sexually, she can leave him and chose another partner. Though an unwed mother is not likely to get married, she is accepted within the society and lead a full-fledged community life.  Thirdly, equality of gender. Women are not treated as submissive but as equal partners in a relationship. Husbands encourage their wives in anything she wants to so. Nobody frowns if a woman gets drunk.

Over the years, people have taken away their land, cut down forests, reviled them for not being conservative and treated their women badly. Livelihood issues have forced them to slowly adapt their lifestyles to ours. And with that, negative influences are slowly creeping into their culture and thinking like dowry system, cutting of trees for easy money, domestic violence etc.  

Whether it is limited media attention, the inability of NGOs to tell their stories or just plain lack of interest on our part but we know very little about them and their culture. We look at the western societies for answer to our ills. Maybe it’s time we start looking at our own backyard and discover the wealth there.   

Rights of Nature or Rights of Humans:

Sometimes I wonder whether there would have been any forests left if there were no tigers in India.

Cheetahs disappeared from India in 1952, the last of Asiatic lions are left in grasslands of Gujarat, the one-horned Rhinoceros are now only found in Assam while the Indian elephants are found in pockets in north and south of India not able to move around due to lack of continuity of forests. Over the years forests kept shrinking, first due to the British who cut down trees to build the railway system here and in their own country and now due to the greed of businessmen and lack of vision of politicians. (though this will be disputed by the Forest Department who says they have maintained 20% of India’s land under forest cover – mostly by cutting local trees and planting foreign varieties like eucalyptus)

Due to Indira Gandhi’s vision, the world’s attention and the only honest and reliable minister Jairam Ramesh, that we have been able to create safe zones for the Tigers and hence the remaining forests. There are many human-rights NGOs and people up in arms at the process of resettling villages located within the forests to its periphery. They have come to hate the words ‘Tiger Reserve’ as they feel that due to the ‘big cat’, people are losing out on what is ‘rightfully’ theirs i.e. land and right to forests. So what if the tigers and other animals are the first and ‘rightful’ inhabitants of forests. So what if villages are growing by leaps and bound. So what if these same people are cutting down trees and over grazing the forest land. So what if mining and other infrastructure companies are destroying forests and taking up the home of these animals.

Why is it wrong for the animals and trees to have a safe haven untouched by humans? Who has given the humans the right to decide that humans are more important than the other inhabitants of Earth? When do we start being unselfish in the real sense? Should we even?

I once had a discussion with a friend on which charity she is more likely to donate for. Like all Indians and humans, she said children. I asked her what about environment. Her answer reflected the thoughts and opinion of all the others when she said that she wants to make the children’s lives better....they can grow up and take care of the environment later.

Sometimes I wonder if we do not want to respect nature and wildlife now, how we can expect the children to learn to respect nature later. Our country has a wide diversity of geography, plant and animal life. We have two bio-diversity hot spots, three main watershed regions which provide water to the whole of India and many healthy forests. If these are wiped out, what will be left for these very children to enjoy and take care of?